Band

Exemplary

Module: From Ideas to Implementation

Question 24

Section I Question 24 - 2002 HSC

In terms of band structures and relative electrical resistance, describe the differences between a conductor, an insulator and a semiconductor.

Question 25

Section I Question 25 - 2002 HSC

For two parallel metal plates that are separated by a fixed distance and have a given potential difference applied; (a) Calculate the magnitude of the electric field strength between the plates. (b) Calculate the magnitude of the electrostatic force acting on an electron between the plates, (c) If a beam of electrons is fired with a given velocity between the plates, calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field that must be applied between the plates to cancel the force and stop the deflection of the electron beam.

Question 26

Section I Question 26 - 2002 HSC

Identify three properties of superconductors.

Module: Motors and Generators

Question 22

Section I Question 22 - 2002 HSC

(a) Identify the function of the brush in a generator. (b) Determine which of the generators illustrated is a DC generator and justify your choice. (c) Outline why AC generators are used in large-scale electrical power production.

Question 23

Section I Question 23 - 2002 HSC

(a) State Lenz’s law. (b) Determine which end of a metal rod is negative if an electromagnetic field is induced between the two ends when it is moved through an illustrated magnetic field. Explain how the emf is produced in the rod. (c) Explain how the principle of induction can be used to heat a conductor.

Question 27

Section I Question 27 - 2002 HSC

Discuss how energy savings can be achieved by the use of superconductors in the areas of electricity generation and transmission, and transportation.

Module: Option: From Quanta to Quarks

Question 31

Section II Question 31 - 2002 HSC

(a) Describe Davisson and Germer’s experiment to confirm de Broglie's hypothesis of wave-particle duality. Explain the stability of the electron orbits in the Bohr atom, using de Broglie’s hypothesis. (b) Identify who suggested that the existence of the neutrino relates to the energy distribution of electrons emitted in β-decay. Assuming that the neutrino is massless, calculate the mass defect in the β-decay of a given isotope. Account for the energy distribution of electrons emitted in this β-decay. (c) Explain how the Balmer Series provides evidence in support of Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. Given a diagram of the Balmer Series, calculate the wavelength of the next line in the Series. (d) Discuss how neutron scattering and another process have increased understanding of the structure of matter.

Module: Option: Geophysics

Question 28

Section II Question 28 - 2002 HSC

(a) Describe Earth’s current magnetic field. Using a diagram of magnetic anomalies of the oceanic crust, explain the origin of the pattern on either side of the mid-ocean ridge. (b) Recount the steps involved in gravity data reduction. Using a diagram of the surface height and gravity anomaly curve in a region, propose reasons for the difference in anomaly at two marked locations. Predict the variation in orbital path for a satellite moving West to East across the region. (c) Using a graph of travel time for P and S waves, at different surface distances from an earthquake epicentre, contrast the properties of P and S waves; account for the absence of S waves at distances greater than 11 000 km from the epicentre, and assess the application and advantages of geophysical methods in mineral exploration.

Module: Option: Medical Physics

Question 29

Section II Question 29 - 2002 HSC

(a) Briefly describe how an endoscope works. Explain how a CAT scan is produced. Using a graph of % decay of technetium 99m over time, determine the isotope's half-life. Calculate the amount of undecayed isotope when a scan is taken, given the amount injected and time of the scan. Propose reasons why scans are best taken between two and five hours after injection. (c) Given representations of an MRI, X-ray and CAT scan, identify advantages of MRI scans over CAT scans, explain why a doctor would order an X-ray to confirm the diagnosis of a fractured skull, and justify the choice of an additional scan if the patient develops symptoms of brain damage. (d) Assess the impact on society of medical applications based on ultrasound and the magnetic field of particles within the body.

Module: Option: the Age of Silicon

Question 32

Section II Question 32 - 2002 HSC

(a) Describe the structure of an light emitting diode (LED). Explain why it is sometimes preferable to use an LED rather than an ordinary light source. (b) Using a diagram, describe qualitatively how the resistance of an light dependent reistor (LDR) changes as the illumination increases. Calculate the resistance of the LDR for a given intensity of light. Calculate the resistance of the coil of a relay when it connected in series with the LDR and a 12volt power supply. (c) Describe the properties of an ideal amplifier. Given a table of output and input voltages of an amplifier, calculate its gain. Propose why the amplifier is not suitable for input signals that vary from −250 to +250 microvolt. (d) Discuss the impact and limitations on computers of changing from thermionic devices to transistors to integrated circuits.

Module: Physics skills

Question 16

Section I Question 16 - 2002 HSC

For an experiment to determine the acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum, (a) Outline TWO changes that could be made to the experimental procedure to improve its accuracy, (b) Compare two students' methods of calculating g and identify the better approach, (c) Calculate the value of g from the line of best fit on a graph.

Question 20

Section I Question 20 - 2002 HSC

Using activities carried out in a boat on a large, calm lake and the observed results for each activity, justify the conclusion that: ‘The boat can be regarded as an inertial frame of reference’.

Module: Space

Question 19

Section I Question 19 - 2002 HSC

Using one of Einstein’s famous thought experiments in which a train passes through a station at 60% of the speed of light; (a) Compare the velocity of a light beam as seen by a passenger on the train and a rail worker standing on the station platform. (b) Calculate the length of the carriage as observed by the railworker on the station platform if the passenger calculates the length as 22 m.

Question 21

Section I Question 21 - 2002 HSC

(a) If a cannon with a length of 215 m fires a capsule that achieves a speed of 1.06 × 104 ms−1 as it leaves the cannon, calculate the magnitude of the acceleration required. (b) Explain why this method is unsuitable for sending a living person to the moon.

Band 5/6 and 4/5

Module: Physics skills

Question 20

Section I Question 20 - 2002 HSC

Using activities carried out in a boat on a large, calm lake and the observed results for each activity, justify the conclusion that: ‘The boat can be regarded as an inertial frame of reference’.

Band 5/6

Module: From Ideas to Implementation

Question 24

Section I Question 24 - 2002 HSC

In terms of band structures and relative electrical resistance, describe the differences between a conductor, an insulator and a semiconductor.

Question 24-26

Written Paper Section I Question 24-26 - 2001 HSC

Q24. Describe one way in which an understanding of crystal structure has impacted on science. Outline the methods of X-ray diffraction used by the Braggs to determine the structure of crystals. Q25. Graph the results of measurements of frequency of incident radiation and photoelectron energy taken in an experiment on the photoelectric effect, including the line of best fit. Explain how the reliability of the experiment could be improved. Q26. In the context of semiconductors, explain the concept of electrons and holes.

Question 25

Section I Question 25 - 2002 HSC

For two parallel metal plates that are separated by a fixed distance and have a given potential difference applied; (a) Calculate the magnitude of the electric field strength between the plates. (b) Calculate the magnitude of the electrostatic force acting on an electron between the plates, (c) If a beam of electrons is fired with a given velocity between the plates, calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field that must be applied between the plates to cancel the force and stop the deflection of the electron beam.

Question 26

Section I Question 26 - 2002 HSC

Identify three properties of superconductors.

Module: Motors and Generators

Question 21-23

Written Paper Section I Question 21-23 - 2001 HSC

Q21. Explain why no resistance is required when a large d.c. motor is running at high speed, but a substantial resistance is needed when the motor is starting up. Q22. Identify the direction of the force that exists between two parallel wires, each with a current flowing in the same direction along the wires. On a set of axes, sketch a graph that shows how the force between the two wires would vary if the length of the shorter wire were increased. Explain how these results demonstrate the moto-effect. Q23. Discuss the effects of the development of electrical generators on society and the environment. Outline the methods of X-ray diffraction used by the Braggs to determine the structure of crystals.

Question 22

Section I Question 22 - 2002 HSC

(a) Identify the function of the brush in a generator. (b) Determine which of the generators illustrated is a DC generator and justify your choice. (c) Outline why AC generators are used in large-scale electrical power production.

Question 23

Section I Question 23 - 2002 HSC

(a) State Lenz’s law. (b) Determine which end of a metal rod is negative if an electromagnetic field is induced between the two ends when it is moved through an illustrated magnetic field. Explain how the emf is produced in the rod. (c) Explain how the principle of induction can be used to heat a conductor.

Question 27

Section I Question 27 - 2002 HSC

Discuss how energy savings can be achieved by the use of superconductors in the areas of electricity generation and transmission, and transportation.

Module: Option: Astrophysics

Question 30

Section II Question 30 - 2002 HSC

(a) Describe the observations made by astronomers on Earth to identify a star as an eclipsing binary. Explain how the total mass of a binary star system can be calculated. (b) Use a table showing distance, apparent visible magnitude and colour index; to determine which star is most blue in colour; to calculate the difference in brightness between two stars; and to sketch a labelled diagram indicating the information required to use the trigonometric parallax method to determine the distance to a star. Part (c) is not in the current syllabus. Describe a nuclear reaction taking place in a main sequence star. (d) Discuss how adaptive optics and at least one other development have improved resolution and sensitivity of ground-based astronomy.

Module: Option: From Quanta to Quarks

Question 30

Written Paper Section II Question 30 - 2001 HSC

(a) Define nucleon and contrast one property of nucleons. (b) Use the data provided in a table to calculate the energy of the photon emitted when an electron makes a transition between quantum levels. Draw the energy level diagram for hydrogen, indicating where the energy levels lie for quantum numbers greater than 4. Part (c) is not in the current syllabus. (d) Discuss the significance of the Manhattan Project for society. (e) Analyse how Chadwick’s and Fermi’s work resulted in a greater understanding of the atom.

Module: Physics skills

Question 16

Section I Question 16 - 2002 HSC

For an experiment to determine the acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum, (a) Outline TWO changes that could be made to the experimental procedure to improve its accuracy, (b) Compare two students' methods of calculating g and identify the better approach, (c) Calculate the value of g from the line of best fit on a graph.

Question 24-26

Written Paper Section I Question 24-26 - 2001 HSC

Q24. Describe one way in which an understanding of crystal structure has impacted on science. Outline the methods of X-ray diffraction used by the Braggs to determine the structure of crystals. Q25. Graph the results of measurements of frequency of incident radiation and photoelectron energy taken in an experiment on the photoelectric effect, including the line of best fit. Explain how the reliability of the experiment could be improved. Q26. In the context of semiconductors, explain the concept of electrons and holes.

Module: Space

Question 16-17

Written Paper Section I Question 16-17 - 2001 HSC

Q16. Name the effect demonstrated by the observation that high-speed muons have a lifetime of 5.0 microseconds but, when brought to rest, their lifetime is 2.2 microseconds; calculate the velocity of the muons as they leave the accelerator. Q17. Using a graph of velocity and time, compare the acceleration of a rocket launched vertically at t = 20s with its acceleration at t = 100s; account for the shape of the graph over the range of time shown.

Question 18-20

Written Paper Section I Question 18-20 - 2001 HSC

Q18. Calculate the force acting on a projectile when it is at its maximum height after being fired from a cannon and the time it takes to reach the ground from its maximum height. Describe and compare the vertical forces at the object's maximum height with the forces on an identical object attached to a mechanical arm and moved at a constant speed in a vertical half-circle. Q19. Outline how Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity explains the result of the Michelson–Morley experiment. Q20. Explain why transformers are used in an a.c. network between the generating stations and the final consumer.

Question 19

Section I Question 19 - 2002 HSC

Using one of Einstein’s famous thought experiments in which a train passes through a station at 60% of the speed of light; (a) Compare the velocity of a light beam as seen by a passenger on the train and a rail worker standing on the station platform. (b) Calculate the length of the carriage as observed by the railworker on the station platform if the passenger calculates the length as 22 m.

Question 21

Section I Question 21 - 2002 HSC

(a) If a cannon with a length of 215 m fires a capsule that achieves a speed of 1.06 × 104 ms−1 as it leaves the cannon, calculate the magnitude of the acceleration required. (b) Explain why this method is unsuitable for sending a living person to the moon.

Band 4/5 and 3/4

Module: From Ideas to Implementation

Module: Motors and Generators

Question 27

Section I Question 27 - 2002 HSC

Discuss how energy savings can be achieved by the use of superconductors in the areas of electricity generation and transmission, and transportation.

Band 4/5

Module: From Ideas to Implementation

Question 24

Section I Question 24 - 2002 HSC

In terms of band structures and relative electrical resistance, describe the differences between a conductor, an insulator and a semiconductor.

Question 24-26

Written Paper Section I Question 24-26 - 2001 HSC

Q24. Describe one way in which an understanding of crystal structure has impacted on science. Outline the methods of X-ray diffraction used by the Braggs to determine the structure of crystals. Q25. Graph the results of measurements of frequency of incident radiation and photoelectron energy taken in an experiment on the photoelectric effect, including the line of best fit. Explain how the reliability of the experiment could be improved. Q26. In the context of semiconductors, explain the concept of electrons and holes.

Question 25

Section I Question 25 - 2002 HSC

For two parallel metal plates that are separated by a fixed distance and have a given potential difference applied; (a) Calculate the magnitude of the electric field strength between the plates. (b) Calculate the magnitude of the electrostatic force acting on an electron between the plates, (c) If a beam of electrons is fired with a given velocity between the plates, calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field that must be applied between the plates to cancel the force and stop the deflection of the electron beam.

Module: Motors and Generators

Question 21-23

Written Paper Section I Question 21-23 - 2001 HSC

Q21. Explain why no resistance is required when a large d.c. motor is running at high speed, but a substantial resistance is needed when the motor is starting up. Q22. Identify the direction of the force that exists between two parallel wires, each with a current flowing in the same direction along the wires. On a set of axes, sketch a graph that shows how the force between the two wires would vary if the length of the shorter wire were increased. Explain how these results demonstrate the moto-effect. Q23. Discuss the effects of the development of electrical generators on society and the environment. Outline the methods of X-ray diffraction used by the Braggs to determine the structure of crystals.

Question 22

Section I Question 22 - 2002 HSC

(a) Identify the function of the brush in a generator. (b) Determine which of the generators illustrated is a DC generator and justify your choice. (c) Outline why AC generators are used in large-scale electrical power production.

Question 23

Section I Question 23 - 2002 HSC

(a) State Lenz’s law. (b) Determine which end of a metal rod is negative if an electromagnetic field is induced between the two ends when it is moved through an illustrated magnetic field. Explain how the emf is produced in the rod. (c) Explain how the principle of induction can be used to heat a conductor.

Module: Option: Astrophysics

Question 30

Section II Question 30 - 2002 HSC

(a) Describe the observations made by astronomers on Earth to identify a star as an eclipsing binary. Explain how the total mass of a binary star system can be calculated. (b) Use a table showing distance, apparent visible magnitude and colour index; to determine which star is most blue in colour; to calculate the difference in brightness between two stars; and to sketch a labelled diagram indicating the information required to use the trigonometric parallax method to determine the distance to a star. Part (c) is not in the current syllabus. Describe a nuclear reaction taking place in a main sequence star. (d) Discuss how adaptive optics and at least one other development have improved resolution and sensitivity of ground-based astronomy.

Module: Option: From Quanta to Quarks

Question 30

Written Paper Section II Question 30 - 2001 HSC

(a) Define nucleon and contrast one property of nucleons. (b) Use the data provided in a table to calculate the energy of the photon emitted when an electron makes a transition between quantum levels. Draw the energy level diagram for hydrogen, indicating where the energy levels lie for quantum numbers greater than 4. Part (c) is not in the current syllabus. (d) Discuss the significance of the Manhattan Project for society. (e) Analyse how Chadwick’s and Fermi’s work resulted in a greater understanding of the atom.

Module: Physics skills

Question 16

Section I Question 16 - 2002 HSC

For an experiment to determine the acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum, (a) Outline TWO changes that could be made to the experimental procedure to improve its accuracy, (b) Compare two students' methods of calculating g and identify the better approach, (c) Calculate the value of g from the line of best fit on a graph.

Question 24-26

Written Paper Section I Question 24-26 - 2001 HSC

Q24. Describe one way in which an understanding of crystal structure has impacted on science. Outline the methods of X-ray diffraction used by the Braggs to determine the structure of crystals. Q25. Graph the results of measurements of frequency of incident radiation and photoelectron energy taken in an experiment on the photoelectric effect, including the line of best fit. Explain how the reliability of the experiment could be improved. Q26. In the context of semiconductors, explain the concept of electrons and holes.

Module: Space

Question 16-17

Written Paper Section I Question 16-17 - 2001 HSC

Q16. Name the effect demonstrated by the observation that high-speed muons have a lifetime of 5.0 microseconds but, when brought to rest, their lifetime is 2.2 microseconds; calculate the velocity of the muons as they leave the accelerator. Q17. Using a graph of velocity and time, compare the acceleration of a rocket launched vertically at t = 20s with its acceleration at t = 100s; account for the shape of the graph over the range of time shown.

Question 18-20

Written Paper Section I Question 18-20 - 2001 HSC

Q18. Calculate the force acting on a projectile when it is at its maximum height after being fired from a cannon and the time it takes to reach the ground from its maximum height. Describe and compare the vertical forces at the object's maximum height with the forces on an identical object attached to a mechanical arm and moved at a constant speed in a vertical half-circle. Q19. Outline how Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity explains the result of the Michelson–Morley experiment. Q20. Explain why transformers are used in an a.c. network between the generating stations and the final consumer.

Question 19

Section I Question 19 - 2002 HSC

Using one of Einstein’s famous thought experiments in which a train passes through a station at 60% of the speed of light; (a) Compare the velocity of a light beam as seen by a passenger on the train and a rail worker standing on the station platform. (b) Calculate the length of the carriage as observed by the railworker on the station platform if the passenger calculates the length as 22 m.

Question 21

Section I Question 21 - 2002 HSC

(a) If a cannon with a length of 215 m fires a capsule that achieves a speed of 1.06 × 104 ms−1 as it leaves the cannon, calculate the magnitude of the acceleration required. (b) Explain why this method is unsuitable for sending a living person to the moon.

Band 3/4 and 2/3

Module: Physics skills

Question 20

Section I Question 20 - 2002 HSC

Using activities carried out in a boat on a large, calm lake and the observed results for each activity, justify the conclusion that: ‘The boat can be regarded as an inertial frame of reference’.

Band 3/4

Module: From Ideas to Implementation

Question 24

Section I Question 24 - 2002 HSC

In terms of band structures and relative electrical resistance, describe the differences between a conductor, an insulator and a semiconductor.

Question 24-26

Written Paper Section I Question 24-26 - 2001 HSC

Q24. Describe one way in which an understanding of crystal structure has impacted on science. Outline the methods of X-ray diffraction used by the Braggs to determine the structure of crystals. Q25. Graph the results of measurements of frequency of incident radiation and photoelectron energy taken in an experiment on the photoelectric effect, including the line of best fit. Explain how the reliability of the experiment could be improved. Q26. In the context of semiconductors, explain the concept of electrons and holes.

Question 25

Section I Question 25 - 2002 HSC

For two parallel metal plates that are separated by a fixed distance and have a given potential difference applied; (a) Calculate the magnitude of the electric field strength between the plates. (b) Calculate the magnitude of the electrostatic force acting on an electron between the plates, (c) If a beam of electrons is fired with a given velocity between the plates, calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field that must be applied between the plates to cancel the force and stop the deflection of the electron beam.

Module: Motors and Generators

Question 21-23

Written Paper Section I Question 21-23 - 2001 HSC

Q21. Explain why no resistance is required when a large d.c. motor is running at high speed, but a substantial resistance is needed when the motor is starting up. Q22. Identify the direction of the force that exists between two parallel wires, each with a current flowing in the same direction along the wires. On a set of axes, sketch a graph that shows how the force between the two wires would vary if the length of the shorter wire were increased. Explain how these results demonstrate the moto-effect. Q23. Discuss the effects of the development of electrical generators on society and the environment. Outline the methods of X-ray diffraction used by the Braggs to determine the structure of crystals.

Question 22

Section I Question 22 - 2002 HSC

(a) Identify the function of the brush in a generator. (b) Determine which of the generators illustrated is a DC generator and justify your choice. (c) Outline why AC generators are used in large-scale electrical power production.

Question 23

Section I Question 23 - 2002 HSC

(a) State Lenz’s law. (b) Determine which end of a metal rod is negative if an electromagnetic field is induced between the two ends when it is moved through an illustrated magnetic field. Explain how the emf is produced in the rod. (c) Explain how the principle of induction can be used to heat a conductor.

Module: Option: Astrophysics

Question 30

Section II Question 30 - 2002 HSC

(a) Describe the observations made by astronomers on Earth to identify a star as an eclipsing binary. Explain how the total mass of a binary star system can be calculated. (b) Use a table showing distance, apparent visible magnitude and colour index; to determine which star is most blue in colour; to calculate the difference in brightness between two stars; and to sketch a labelled diagram indicating the information required to use the trigonometric parallax method to determine the distance to a star. Part (c) is not in the current syllabus. Describe a nuclear reaction taking place in a main sequence star. (d) Discuss how adaptive optics and at least one other development have improved resolution and sensitivity of ground-based astronomy.

Module: Physics skills

Question 16

Section I Question 16 - 2002 HSC

For an experiment to determine the acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum, (a) Outline TWO changes that could be made to the experimental procedure to improve its accuracy, (b) Compare two students' methods of calculating g and identify the better approach, (c) Calculate the value of g from the line of best fit on a graph.

Question 24-26

Written Paper Section I Question 24-26 - 2001 HSC

Q24. Describe one way in which an understanding of crystal structure has impacted on science. Outline the methods of X-ray diffraction used by the Braggs to determine the structure of crystals. Q25. Graph the results of measurements of frequency of incident radiation and photoelectron energy taken in an experiment on the photoelectric effect, including the line of best fit. Explain how the reliability of the experiment could be improved. Q26. In the context of semiconductors, explain the concept of electrons and holes.

Module: Space

Question 16-17

Written Paper Section I Question 16-17 - 2001 HSC

Q16. Name the effect demonstrated by the observation that high-speed muons have a lifetime of 5.0 microseconds but, when brought to rest, their lifetime is 2.2 microseconds; calculate the velocity of the muons as they leave the accelerator. Q17. Using a graph of velocity and time, compare the acceleration of a rocket launched vertically at t = 20s with its acceleration at t = 100s; account for the shape of the graph over the range of time shown.

Question 18-20

Written Paper Section I Question 18-20 - 2001 HSC

Q18. Calculate the force acting on a projectile when it is at its maximum height after being fired from a cannon and the time it takes to reach the ground from its maximum height. Describe and compare the vertical forces at the object's maximum height with the forces on an identical object attached to a mechanical arm and moved at a constant speed in a vertical half-circle. Q19. Outline how Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity explains the result of the Michelson–Morley experiment. Q20. Explain why transformers are used in an a.c. network between the generating stations and the final consumer.

Question 19

Section I Question 19 - 2002 HSC

Using one of Einstein’s famous thought experiments in which a train passes through a station at 60% of the speed of light; (a) Compare the velocity of a light beam as seen by a passenger on the train and a rail worker standing on the station platform. (b) Calculate the length of the carriage as observed by the railworker on the station platform if the passenger calculates the length as 22 m.

Question 21

Section I Question 21 - 2002 HSC

(a) If a cannon with a length of 215 m fires a capsule that achieves a speed of 1.06 × 104 ms−1 as it leaves the cannon, calculate the magnitude of the acceleration required. (b) Explain why this method is unsuitable for sending a living person to the moon.

Band 2/3 and 1/2

Module: From Ideas to Implementation

Module: Motors and Generators

Question 27

Section I Question 27 - 2002 HSC

Discuss how energy savings can be achieved by the use of superconductors in the areas of electricity generation and transmission, and transportation.

Module: Space

Question 19

Section I Question 19 - 2002 HSC

Using one of Einstein’s famous thought experiments in which a train passes through a station at 60% of the speed of light; (a) Compare the velocity of a light beam as seen by a passenger on the train and a rail worker standing on the station platform. (b) Calculate the length of the carriage as observed by the railworker on the station platform if the passenger calculates the length as 22 m.

Question 21

Section I Question 21 - 2002 HSC

(a) If a cannon with a length of 215 m fires a capsule that achieves a speed of 1.06 × 104 ms−1 as it leaves the cannon, calculate the magnitude of the acceleration required. (b) Explain why this method is unsuitable for sending a living person to the moon.

Band 2/3

Module: From Ideas to Implementation

Question 24

Section I Question 24 - 2002 HSC

In terms of band structures and relative electrical resistance, describe the differences between a conductor, an insulator and a semiconductor.

Question 24-26

Written Paper Section I Question 24-26 - 2001 HSC

Q24. Describe one way in which an understanding of crystal structure has impacted on science. Outline the methods of X-ray diffraction used by the Braggs to determine the structure of crystals. Q25. Graph the results of measurements of frequency of incident radiation and photoelectron energy taken in an experiment on the photoelectric effect, including the line of best fit. Explain how the reliability of the experiment could be improved. Q26. In the context of semiconductors, explain the concept of electrons and holes.

Question 25

Section I Question 25 - 2002 HSC

For two parallel metal plates that are separated by a fixed distance and have a given potential difference applied; (a) Calculate the magnitude of the electric field strength between the plates. (b) Calculate the magnitude of the electrostatic force acting on an electron between the plates, (c) If a beam of electrons is fired with a given velocity between the plates, calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field that must be applied between the plates to cancel the force and stop the deflection of the electron beam.

Module: Motors and Generators

Question 21-23

Written Paper Section I Question 21-23 - 2001 HSC

Q21. Explain why no resistance is required when a large d.c. motor is running at high speed, but a substantial resistance is needed when the motor is starting up. Q22. Identify the direction of the force that exists between two parallel wires, each with a current flowing in the same direction along the wires. On a set of axes, sketch a graph that shows how the force between the two wires would vary if the length of the shorter wire were increased. Explain how these results demonstrate the moto-effect. Q23. Discuss the effects of the development of electrical generators on society and the environment. Outline the methods of X-ray diffraction used by the Braggs to determine the structure of crystals.

Question 22

Section I Question 22 - 2002 HSC

(a) Identify the function of the brush in a generator. (b) Determine which of the generators illustrated is a DC generator and justify your choice. (c) Outline why AC generators are used in large-scale electrical power production.

Question 23

Section I Question 23 - 2002 HSC

(a) State Lenz’s law. (b) Determine which end of a metal rod is negative if an electromagnetic field is induced between the two ends when it is moved through an illustrated magnetic field. Explain how the emf is produced in the rod. (c) Explain how the principle of induction can be used to heat a conductor.

Module: Option: Astrophysics

Question 30

Section II Question 30 - 2002 HSC

(a) Describe the observations made by astronomers on Earth to identify a star as an eclipsing binary. Explain how the total mass of a binary star system can be calculated. (b) Use a table showing distance, apparent visible magnitude and colour index; to determine which star is most blue in colour; to calculate the difference in brightness between two stars; and to sketch a labelled diagram indicating the information required to use the trigonometric parallax method to determine the distance to a star. Part (c) is not in the current syllabus. Describe a nuclear reaction taking place in a main sequence star. (d) Discuss how adaptive optics and at least one other development have improved resolution and sensitivity of ground-based astronomy.

Module: Physics skills

Question 16

Section I Question 16 - 2002 HSC

For an experiment to determine the acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum, (a) Outline TWO changes that could be made to the experimental procedure to improve its accuracy, (b) Compare two students' methods of calculating g and identify the better approach, (c) Calculate the value of g from the line of best fit on a graph.

Question 24-26

Written Paper Section I Question 24-26 - 2001 HSC

Q24. Describe one way in which an understanding of crystal structure has impacted on science. Outline the methods of X-ray diffraction used by the Braggs to determine the structure of crystals. Q25. Graph the results of measurements of frequency of incident radiation and photoelectron energy taken in an experiment on the photoelectric effect, including the line of best fit. Explain how the reliability of the experiment could be improved. Q26. In the context of semiconductors, explain the concept of electrons and holes.

Module: Space

Question 16-17

Written Paper Section I Question 16-17 - 2001 HSC

Q16. Name the effect demonstrated by the observation that high-speed muons have a lifetime of 5.0 microseconds but, when brought to rest, their lifetime is 2.2 microseconds; calculate the velocity of the muons as they leave the accelerator. Q17. Using a graph of velocity and time, compare the acceleration of a rocket launched vertically at t = 20s with its acceleration at t = 100s; account for the shape of the graph over the range of time shown.

Question 18-20

Written Paper Section I Question 18-20 - 2001 HSC

Q18. Calculate the force acting on a projectile when it is at its maximum height after being fired from a cannon and the time it takes to reach the ground from its maximum height. Describe and compare the vertical forces at the object's maximum height with the forces on an identical object attached to a mechanical arm and moved at a constant speed in a vertical half-circle. Q19. Outline how Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity explains the result of the Michelson–Morley experiment. Q20. Explain why transformers are used in an a.c. network between the generating stations and the final consumer.

Band 1/2

Module: From Ideas to Implementation

Question 24

Section I Question 24 - 2002 HSC

In terms of band structures and relative electrical resistance, describe the differences between a conductor, an insulator and a semiconductor.

Question 24-26

Written Paper Section I Question 24-26 - 2001 HSC

Q24. Describe one way in which an understanding of crystal structure has impacted on science. Outline the methods of X-ray diffraction used by the Braggs to determine the structure of crystals. Q25. Graph the results of measurements of frequency of incident radiation and photoelectron energy taken in an experiment on the photoelectric effect, including the line of best fit. Explain how the reliability of the experiment could be improved. Q26. In the context of semiconductors, explain the concept of electrons and holes.

Question 25

Section I Question 25 - 2002 HSC

For two parallel metal plates that are separated by a fixed distance and have a given potential difference applied; (a) Calculate the magnitude of the electric field strength between the plates. (b) Calculate the magnitude of the electrostatic force acting on an electron between the plates, (c) If a beam of electrons is fired with a given velocity between the plates, calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field that must be applied between the plates to cancel the force and stop the deflection of the electron beam.

Module: Motors and Generators

Question 21-23

Written Paper Section I Question 21-23 - 2001 HSC

Q21. Explain why no resistance is required when a large d.c. motor is running at high speed, but a substantial resistance is needed when the motor is starting up. Q22. Identify the direction of the force that exists between two parallel wires, each with a current flowing in the same direction along the wires. On a set of axes, sketch a graph that shows how the force between the two wires would vary if the length of the shorter wire were increased. Explain how these results demonstrate the moto-effect. Q23. Discuss the effects of the development of electrical generators on society and the environment. Outline the methods of X-ray diffraction used by the Braggs to determine the structure of crystals.

Question 22

Section I Question 22 - 2002 HSC

(a) Identify the function of the brush in a generator. (b) Determine which of the generators illustrated is a DC generator and justify your choice. (c) Outline why AC generators are used in large-scale electrical power production.

Question 23

Section I Question 23 - 2002 HSC

(a) State Lenz’s law. (b) Determine which end of a metal rod is negative if an electromagnetic field is induced between the two ends when it is moved through an illustrated magnetic field. Explain how the emf is produced in the rod. (c) Explain how the principle of induction can be used to heat a conductor.

Module: Option: Astrophysics

Question 30

Section II Question 30 - 2002 HSC

(a) Describe the observations made by astronomers on Earth to identify a star as an eclipsing binary. Explain how the total mass of a binary star system can be calculated. (b) Use a table showing distance, apparent visible magnitude and colour index; to determine which star is most blue in colour; to calculate the difference in brightness between two stars; and to sketch a labelled diagram indicating the information required to use the trigonometric parallax method to determine the distance to a star. Part (c) is not in the current syllabus. Describe a nuclear reaction taking place in a main sequence star. (d) Discuss how adaptive optics and at least one other development have improved resolution and sensitivity of ground-based astronomy.

Module: Option: From Quanta to Quarks

Question 30

Written Paper Section II Question 30 - 2001 HSC

(a) Define nucleon and contrast one property of nucleons. (b) Use the data provided in a table to calculate the energy of the photon emitted when an electron makes a transition between quantum levels. Draw the energy level diagram for hydrogen, indicating where the energy levels lie for quantum numbers greater than 4. Part (c) is not in the current syllabus. (d) Discuss the significance of the Manhattan Project for society. (e) Analyse how Chadwick’s and Fermi’s work resulted in a greater understanding of the atom.

Module: Physics skills

Question 16

Section I Question 16 - 2002 HSC

For an experiment to determine the acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum, (a) Outline TWO changes that could be made to the experimental procedure to improve its accuracy, (b) Compare two students' methods of calculating g and identify the better approach, (c) Calculate the value of g from the line of best fit on a graph.

Question 20

Section I Question 20 - 2002 HSC

Using activities carried out in a boat on a large, calm lake and the observed results for each activity, justify the conclusion that: ‘The boat can be regarded as an inertial frame of reference’.

Question 24-26

Written Paper Section I Question 24-26 - 2001 HSC

Q24. Describe one way in which an understanding of crystal structure has impacted on science. Outline the methods of X-ray diffraction used by the Braggs to determine the structure of crystals. Q25. Graph the results of measurements of frequency of incident radiation and photoelectron energy taken in an experiment on the photoelectric effect, including the line of best fit. Explain how the reliability of the experiment could be improved. Q26. In the context of semiconductors, explain the concept of electrons and holes.

Module: Space

Question 16-17

Written Paper Section I Question 16-17 - 2001 HSC

Q16. Name the effect demonstrated by the observation that high-speed muons have a lifetime of 5.0 microseconds but, when brought to rest, their lifetime is 2.2 microseconds; calculate the velocity of the muons as they leave the accelerator. Q17. Using a graph of velocity and time, compare the acceleration of a rocket launched vertically at t = 20s with its acceleration at t = 100s; account for the shape of the graph over the range of time shown.

Question 18-20

Written Paper Section I Question 18-20 - 2001 HSC

Q18. Calculate the force acting on a projectile when it is at its maximum height after being fired from a cannon and the time it takes to reach the ground from its maximum height. Describe and compare the vertical forces at the object's maximum height with the forces on an identical object attached to a mechanical arm and moved at a constant speed in a vertical half-circle. Q19. Outline how Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity explains the result of the Michelson–Morley experiment. Q20. Explain why transformers are used in an a.c. network between the generating stations and the final consumer.